Bangladesh, a nation blessed with an extensive coastline of 710 kilometers along the Bay of Bengal, holds immense potential in harnessing its maritime resources for sustainable development (Islam et al., 2018; Bir et al., 2020). The concept of the "Blue Economy," which emphasizes the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and ocean ecosystem health, is particularly relevant for Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2024a; Luna, 2024; Liza et al., 2025). With strategic planning, sound policy implementation, and regional cooperation, the Blue Economy can serve as a transformative force, addressing the nation's socio-economic challenges and contributing significantly to its development trajectory (Cisneros-Montemayor et al., 2019; Mondal et al., 2024). The Bay of Bengal, one of the world’s largest and most resource-rich marine ecosystems, is a treasure trove of opportunities for Bangladesh. Following the resolution of maritime boundary disputes with Myanmar in 2012 and India in 2014, Bangladesh gained sovereign rights over 118,813 square kilometers of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Mostofa et al., 2018). This marine domain offers diverse resources, including fisheries, hydrocarbons, renewable energy potential, and avenues for maritime trade and tourism.
The fisheries sector plays a pivotal role in the country's economy, contributing approximately 3.6% to the GDP and employing millions directly or indirectly (Islam et al., 2024b). Marine fish production accounts for about 20% of the country’s total fish production, with species like Hilsa being a cultural and economic mainstay (Shamsuzzaman et al., 2017). However, unsustainable fishing practices, overfishing, and habitat degradation threaten this vital resource (Andersen et al., 2024). Implementing scientific fishery management and enforcing sustainable harvesting practices are imperative to secure long-term benefits.
The EEZ is believed to harbor significant reserves of hydrocarbons, including natural gas and oil. While onshore gas fields have been a backbone of the country's energy supply, exploration of offshore reserves remains in its infancy (Shetol et al., 2019). With appropriate technological investment and international partnerships, the country can potentially reduce its reliance on imported fossil fuels and ensure energy security. Bangladesh’s strategic location along the Bay of Bengal positions it as a critical hub for regional and global maritime trade. Ports like Chattogram, Mongla, and the emerging Payra Port are vital arteries for international trade, connecting South and Southeast Asia (Saha, 2022). Modernizing port infrastructure, improving logistics, and fostering transshipment capabilities can further enhance Bangladesh's economic integration with the global supply chain (Ibrahim and Xuefeng, 2023). The ocean’s waves, tides, and offshore wind hold immense potential for renewable energy generation. While Bangladesh is in the early stages of exploring marine renewable energy, leveraging international expertise and investing in research can accelerate progress in this domain, contributing to the country’s green energy aspirations (Majumder et al., 2024). Bangladesh’s pristine beaches, such as Cox’s Bazar and Kuakata, alongside its diverse marine biodiversity, provide substantial opportunities for eco-tourism. Developing sustainable tourism infrastructure can generate significant revenue while conserving natural habitats and promoting community participation (Nobi and Majumder, 2019).
Despite its promising prospects, the development of the Blue Economy in Bangladesh faces several challenges that must be addressed to unlock its full potential. Effective governance and management of marine resources require robust institutional frameworks and technical expertise. Currently, institutional capacity to regulate and monitor activities within the EEZ is limited (Shamsuzzaman and Islam, 2018; Shampa et al., 2023). Marine pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change pose significant threats to the sustainability of oceanic resources. Rising sea levels and increased salinity in coastal areas exacerbate vulnerabilities for both ecosystems and coastal communities (Das and Swain, 2024). Scientific research and technological capabilities in marine exploration and resource management are underdeveloped in Bangladesh. Collaboration with international organizations and investing in marine research institutions are critical for addressing this gap (Hussain et al., 2019; Islam et al., 2024a). The Bay of Bengal region witnesses significant geopolitical competition among regional and extra-regional powers. Ensuring maritime security and safeguarding national interests in this contested space are crucial for Bangladesh’s Blue Economy aspirations (Hossain et al., 2023).
To harness the potential of the Blue Economy effectively, Bangladesh must adopt a holistic and multi-sectoral approach. The following strategies can serve as a roadmap, creating a dedicated ministry or authority to oversee Blue Economy activities can ensure focused governance. This entity should work in tandem with existing maritime agencies, promoting policy coherence and coordination (Benzaken et al., 2022). Investing in marine research and establishing partnerships with global institutions can provide the scientific basis for sustainable resource management. Specialized programs in universities focusing on oceanography, marine biology, and maritime technology should be encouraged (Pace et al., 2023; Simanjuntak et al., 2024). Engaging private sector stakeholders in port development, renewable energy, fisheries, and eco-tourism can bring in much-needed investment and innovation. PPPs can also facilitate the transfer of technology and best practices (Lomonico et al., 2021). The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) offers a platform for regional collaboration in maritime affairs. Joint initiatives in maritime security, resource management, and disaster response can create mutual benefits and foster goodwill (Sinthuphan, 2024). Stringent regulations to control pollution, manage waste, and protect marine habitats must be enforced. Adopting ecosystem-based management approaches can balance economic activities with conservation goals (Olaniyi et al., 2024). Training programs for coastal communities, fishermen, and maritime workers can enhance their skills and create employment opportunities. Awareness campaigns on sustainable practices can further empower local populations (Stacey et al., 2021).
Bangladesh’s journey toward becoming a maritime powerhouse hinges on its ability to align national aspirations with global sustainable development goals (SDGs). The Blue Economy directly contributes to several SDGs, including Goal 14 (“Life Below Water”), Goal 7 (“Affordable and Clean Energy”), and Goal 8 (“Decent Work and Economic Growth”). Integrating these goals into national development plans can ensure long-term benefits (Baker et al., 2023). Moreover, the government’s commitment, as reflected in the Perspective Plan 2021-2041 and the 8th Five-Year Plan, provides a strategic framework for advancing the Blue Economy. Translating these plans into actionable projects with measurable outcomes will be crucial (Husain and Kamruzzaman, 2020).
The Blue Economy represents a unique opportunity for Bangladesh to diversify its economy, enhance resilience against environmental challenges, and uplift millions from poverty. However, realizing this potential requires visionary leadership, strategic investments, and a commitment to sustainable practices. By embracing its maritime heritage and forging a path of innovation and collaboration, Bangladesh can not only achieve national prosperity but also emerge as a global model for sustainable ocean governance. The waves of the Bay of Bengal, if navigated wisely, hold the promise of a brighter and more sustainable future for the nation.

Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges the logistical and financial support provided by the Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong.

Ethical approval statement

None to declare.

Data availability

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Author contributions

Md. Atiqul Islam Mondal contributed to the conceptualization and writing of this editorial. The author has read and approved the final version of the published editorial.